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NIGERIAN PRE-colonial economy: Dynamic or smelly?

Introduction

Was viewed by some writers Eurocentric pre-colonial West African economy is stagnant, and it lacked vitality real market conditions before British colonization. This argument stems from some anthropological perceptions (substantivist stand point) the main sector of the economy are usually subsistence farming, which has made no progress as a result of application of simple technology not organized specialization. Production target is said to ensure the presence of people with little or no exchange as a result of limited output1. For this view, simply and non-industrial regions, such as pre-colonial West African societies lacked certain necessary prerequisite for the market as the economy and economic such as terms and theories should not be applied to explain their economic structure2.

The study so wants to unravel the pre-colonial Nigerian native economy both in scope and structure and establish testing is dynamic and it actually possessed market status of high standard, given its characteristics. The study is divided into three main segments â € "the general nature of an economic system, structure of pre-colonial Nigerian economy and justification of pre-colonial Nigerian economy as a dynamic and market oriented economics. A market economy is one where decision making is decentralized, the market issue is mainly determined by market forces; that is, demand and supply. This is different from command economy where decision making is decentralized and controlled by a authority 3. Each economic system, there are three main economic functions, no matter the type, quality and level of government or economy4. These are, and what much done, how it was made, and for whom it is made. These indicate that each economic system takes care of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Every economic system is tied to a political system by which people know what their desires society.

The important role of any economic system co-ordination. It must see that individualsâ € ™ decisions about what to do They are co-ordinated sa societyâ € ™ s want and what other individuals do. The co-ordination also included, moral, social and political values, a economic integration that ensures that what an individual wants less than what society5 available. This is partly explains why there is no economic system that can easily operate successfully outside of the socio-cultural context of his native environment.

For background, it would be useful to evaluate the structure and scope of pre-colonial Nigerian economy. The main spring and life-wire of almost any society is defined as its economic potential and men. Nigeria will not oppose this universal rule. The kingdoms, states and empires that existed in pre-colonial Nigeria is great and prosperous not only for their sound socio-political institutions, but also as a result of natural resources such as generous agriculture, trade and crafts. A close observation of the Nigerian terrain and climate show the diversity of its natural potential to rise given the economic and the viability of various jobs. The structure of the pre-colonial Nigerian economy rested common and comprehensive nature of plants, indoor hard and the main components of being agricultural activities, crafts, trade, and the system transportation.

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Agriculture          Â

Agriculture is from the beginning of an economic activity in Nigeria which formed the means of livelihood of the people and a strong reason for the rise of states and empires like the case everywhere in the world. From the words of Evans â € "Pritchards â € œthe first transformed human evolution gave the economy of human control over his own supply of food, the people began to plant, develop and improve by selection of edible grasses, origin, and treesâ € 6. The economic advancement is described as â € œneolitic revolutionâ €. As the modern era, pre-colonial Nigeria, a major determining factor for the choice of contract is the availability of desirable climate, free of epidemics, virgin land for cultivation and grazing, interesting shore environment for fishing and security as the absence of war and other natural and supernatural disaster. When these factors are lacking, people resorted to migration finding a place to comfortably place. Considers the phenomena, the reasons for shifting cultivation in the planting to farming, grazing and normadism sa fishing tour can understand. In other words, ecological factors play decisive roles in human settlement7.

The form of agriculture practiced and the crops planted is determined by the nature of land and the land of the region. Shifting cultivation and crop rotation characterized agricultural practices in pre-colonial Nigeria, especially debt owned land practices and lack of knowledge of highly mechanized farming. There was a natural problems such as erosion, drought, pests and diseases. The problem is tackled locally, depending on individual communities. For example, the traps are set to catch birds and destructive animals in farms and gutters are also dug to dry water to check the torrent. Wet farms during drought is an ancient agricultural practice Nigerians. All these practices are not always affected by the conservation of some observers viewed from the west but the most effective and accurate maintenance of soil fertility and analysis of economic situation existing period8

Pre-colonial Nigeria, farmers depended on implements such as digging stick, hoe, cutlass and sickles. The common crops produced on the territory specialization including, yam, okra, vegetables, maize, cocoyam, cassava, plantains, bananas, oil kolanuts and palm9. The free growth and antiquity of agriculture in Africa and Nigeria in particular that is strongly confirmed some African economic historians. Among them is Murdock, an ethnographer who argued that agriculture began in the upper area of the Niger between Mende of speaking to people about 5000BC10 basing his research yam cultivation in this region it. While no one can doubt the great antiquity of agriculture in Nigeria, we, the same rule does not note the possibility of cultivation of yams and other crops earlier than or around the time, (5000BC), the other part of Nigeria. It is interesting to note that diffusionist theory and hypothesis hamitic which often hold all the developments in Africa are importing is false by nature of agricultural development in sub-regions11. While it is undeniable that some crops were introduced from other places in Nigeria, it is obvious that agriculture in Nigeria developed naturally independent and foreign mechanism12. Whatever that was later introduced to this is in addition to the existing system.

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Fishing, Hunting and PASTORALISM

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 fishing A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A              Â

Fishing is an ancient economic activity in Nigeria. His activities in both coastal and waterways in the country and is a tremendous economic value in pre-colonial Nigerians13. Fish is one of the major articles on Nigerian commodity trading. Fish in different kinds are either dried or smoked the day to keep them for long or short distance market14. Fresh fish is said that most marketed place in short distance on loan to destroy nature and problems of storage facilities. Professional fishing is characterized by craftsmanship and special skills, such as boat, canoe, paddle, float, buoy and net construction with only invented various kinds of native methods of fishing and mechanism. Fishing in the pre-colonial Nigeria up to date engenders migration of many of his professional wants to leave their original settlements for the better the prospects elsewhere15. Fishing type of Rover is very famous among the Ilaje, Izon, Itsekiri, Efik, Jukun, Ijebu, Awori etc. From the pre-colonial period to date, the Ilaje is said to have been the most gala, popular and professional both inland and deep sea-fishing not only the Philippines but in West and Central Africa16. Around the early the 16th century, said that fishing is practiced sa rudimentary procedures and tools such as materials raffia, wood and grasses with limited ad scope17. Eventually 18th century to early 19th century, most Nigerian fisherman began developing improved fishing gear and methods as clapnets, castnets, ITA, egho, asuren, ojijon, agada, ighee, iyanma, ekobi ufo, Riro, etc. 18 fishing Nigerian economy is in progressive stages of development on the evening of British colonization.

Hunting                  Â

Hunting can be considered as One of the earliest economic activities in pre-colonial Nigeria. This is very significant because, many people depended on them for survival economic stage of a economic development. However, as time went on, hunting became a related increase agriculture19. Hunting in Nigeria at this time is different other levels. Lower level, including hunting setting snares for birds, small animals, such as squirrels, monkeys, grass cutter, Alligators, etc. level another is for hunting larger animals such as crocodile, elephant, wild pig, antelope, etc. It was and perhaps still, a belief in most local communities in Nigeria that hunting, especially at higher levels, in addition to special ability involves the use of charms and possession of supernatural powers20. Hunting is a reliable source of meat and skin of animals for textiles, shoes and drum making. Apart from its economic value, it is a way to foot paths and settlements were made before The arrival of European modes of road construction and town settlement. As a result, paths and hamlets later built roads, towns and villages. Hunters served as security by agents in protecting people from attacks by enemies or wild animals. Hunters also provided animals and their special part of medicinal value In indigenous medicine practitioners21. Supplement hunting is fruit gathering. Collection of various fruits from the forest is an economic venture by some people, especially women in pre-colonial Nigerian society. Fruits and spices are essential for food and herbal medicines so, their demand is high and is still up to date the Nigerian domestic market places22.

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Pastoralism A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

This is another economic training in pre-colonial Nigeria. This is the rearing of animals, especially cattle, goats and sheep on the amount of commercial by moving from a fertile land to another. As a result of infestation by forest region by the tsetse fly and lack of open land to the south, some features of malabon plain, presence of rivers and creeks in the coastal region and having open land to the north, pastoralism is practiced by almost Fulani sa savanna regions of northern Nigeria22. Both pastoralism and hunting is related to crop farming because they all direct and indirect deal with animals. Although, mixed farming is not widespread, some kind of symbiosis exists between farmers and crop postoralists. For example, the dung of cattle manure generated on the ground which in turn supported the growth of crops while postoralists depended on food crops of farmers. More , the production of cattle is a source of beef for forest dwellers, the workers requested the leather skin for the production of shoes, bags, shield for war, quivers for arrows, used for horses23 etc. Kano in northern Nigeria is famous for the skill. Pastoral work is of immense economic value in pre-colonial Nigeria. Â Â Â Â Â

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Crafts     Â

A discussion of the development of art in pre-colonial Nigerians require a description of their art and industry in various levels. The main art and skills in the works which is famous Nigerians including; salt extraction, soap production, metal work, woodwork and weaving activities. Tremendous growth it reminds us the extent to which indigenous technology is progressed to Nigeria in pre-colonial period. It is evident that iron technology was developed by the great pre-colonial Nigeria and revolutionalized crafts and goods in Nigeria and indeed Africa24.

Salt production is one of the Extractions minerals, which are not available in most areas, but an important local product requirements and an import of foreign goods merchants25. Pre-colonial Nigeria, production of salt in large quantities is naturally restricted coastal areas for having the raw materials such as salt water. The method of production is by steam seawater either by boiling or sunning. Among the coastal settlers in Nigeria, especially in Ilaje, Itsekiri and Ijaw, the process by collecting seawater in a large clay pot, cooked it until it dry, leaving white and solid substance below. It would be scooped, with a small basket filter dirt26. What remained was salt which can be a large extent free of impurities. It is industrial activity enhanced the growth of trade between the coastal and inland dwellers in pre-colonial Nigeria. Inside the country in the region too, said salt is probably made from relatively small quantities, especially among the Jukun the Benue region and the Igbo of eastern Nigeria27.

Close related to pre-colonial economic venture soap production. It is mostly conducted by the Nigerian settlers forest region. The main raw material for the production of soap was palm oil and ashes. These would be boiled together and molded28. Pre-colonial Nigeria for example, different types of soap is made. In addition to domestic and commercial purposes, medicinal soap also value29. The OSE dudu (black soap) between the Yoruba samples, is used still up to date for the purpose.

Two important aspects of pre-colonial Nigeria where art worthy attention to the study are metal and work wood. A careful study of Nigerian history would reveal that, of all crafts, metal work is most significant to the overall economic and political development of pre-colonial period. The iron age is the time when Nigerians begin to actively dominate and control their environment. The discovery of iron gave the reason the manufacturing of steel tools such as hoes, knives, cutlasses, spears, axes and the affect of higher productivity in crafts, farming, fishing and hunting30. Aside from the economic revolution brought about by iron smelting, it still have most of the leaders with higher and stronger political power. For example, the presence of iron weapons affect growth and military repression of weaker communities through stronger ones31. The introduction of iron in Nigeria gave the reason black smithing all over the region. The earliest evidence of iron smelting in West Africa is Nok, a village in central Nigeria, northeast of Niger confluence at Benue Rivers and the southwest of Jos Pleateau32. The Yoruba, Igbo (Awka especially people) and Uneme (in Benin) is famous in iron smelting technology in pre-colonial period. The Uneme, for example, is said developed new C1370 black smithing and iron is said that played an important role commercial is used as a medium of exchange (native money) 33.

An important mineral production in pre-colonial Nigeria is gold. Gold is mined, consumed as local and exported. It has more economic value than other products, as it is mainly an article of foreign exchange earning34. Pre-colonial period, Benin and Ile-ife is famous for brass Registry and venerable tin production centers exist in the Jos Plateau and sink to the lower Niger and Benue Rivers35. It is however important to note that production is hampered by high levels of wood artistry of meaningful cultural values.

Ife and Benin is considered the most famous in the west African state to use brass and bronze. Skills, quality and beauty, the ancient bronzes of Benin are said to have equalled the works in any part of worldÂ43. It was once claimed by some Nigerian writers both Nigerian art of brass registry and using it to describe natural numbers ofa people and animals imported by Europeans, by either legitimacy or through smuggling. If this is true, it would indicate that the Nigerian art has reached an admirable and enviable to state of world standard before the arrival of imported art. The useful life to the accepted view here is that, although European import of copper and bronze fill any Nigerian output, Mucha Nigerian work with alloys predated the arrival of the Portuguese sa 15th century44.

Studies have shown that naturalistic number is located in the Chad region So penetration site before the 15th century. Also, the first people who did not know who worked in copper and brass has made similar numbers in other media. The ancient Nok people for example, made replicas of human heads and animals of any high quality and value as well as stylized motifs in wood, clay, gold, and ivory45.

Trade and transport system is equally germane to the growth and development of pre-colonial Nigerian economy. The Nigerian people are organized both regionally and inter-regional trade based regional specialization of production indicate the implementation of the principle of comparative cost avail. They are built by local transportation system of land use (head portage) and water system (canoes) and several types of media change, such as Barter, Manilla, copper, iron, copper and cowrie shells46. The various states, empires or kingdoms in pre-colonial Nigeria developed in popularity as a result of organized trade and relatively efficient means of transportation. Organization of the market during is mainly affected rich agricultural and non-agricultural production of the people. As a result of various supplies of goods in the shopping area, there is departmentalization of goods, order and periodic system market in Nigerian state as pre-colonial Yoruba society47. However, the poor transportation system hindered mobility, production and distribution of goods and services to some extent.

It can be argued that since the production was beyond the family consumption and had a change of inter-region-based level of territorial specialization, the pre-colonial Nigerian economy is so beyond the level Pantawid life. Equally it is argued the organization of trans-Saharan and trans-Atlantic trade in Nigeria which is an active participant is International outlook48.

It is opined by some western economists the factors of production are not well co-ordinated and without division of labor or specialization in pre-colonial Nigerian economy. Is not true and misleading. In African traditional society, male and female is intrinsically assigned to various special socio-economic role in sex where each excel (sexual division work). Specialization admittedly are applicable to many aspects of Nigerian economic activities. For example, the coastal dwellers who specialized in fishing net mending taken as an area of specialization, while some people specialized deep-sea fishing (Oko-Ota-Ade or Odo), others are experts in country or fresh water fishing (eremi). In both places the work in fishing, there are still many departments skills49 special. Expression may in fishing the Yoruba people of the Niger Delta, â € œOghomayi emayiâ € (specialization and skills vary from one person to another). It shows the extent to which specialization and skill acquisition was identified in some pre-colonial Nigerian society.

Working is very important in the production process and free labor so is more expensive, pre-colonial Nigerians labor recruited by their wives, children, slaves and relatives. In some cases, the supply of work by help the community. One defensible reason for marriage of many wives of the Nigerian people are safe enough, cheap and steady supply of work. Adam Smith, in his wealth affirms the Nations â € OEA many families of children, instead of being a burden is a source of wealth and prosperity sa parentsâ € 50. It reinforces strong economic philosophy of the African practice of polygany.

System of land ownership is practiced to suit socio-economic needs time. Admittedly, land was abundant in relation to the Nigerian population51. Capital was raised through personal savings, borrowing from friends, relatives, co-operatives (egbe or esusu) or from family or community fund.

The important thing in the structure of the pre-colonial Nigerian economy is entrepreneurship. This is an important factor of production in any economy at any time. It would be useful to look at what a trader is to determine whether pre-colonial Nigerians really merited the quality. Some think of entrepreneurship especially as innovators, others think of them first and foremost as a business manager, others again area of major emphasis to their function as mobilizers and allocators of capital52. Hosetitz further argued that a trader is a business leader, guide to action a productive private enterprise and who makes important decisions on the use of productive factors in their reward in nature and style of goods or services made, and the timing and other aspects of production and marketing process53.

Pre-colonial Nigeria, as in other parts of the world, other factors of production such as capital, land and labor was organized and utilized effectively for production. It therefore follows that all factors of production that exists not be useful without entrepreneurs. The pre-colonial Nigerian trader rulers, chiefs, potentates, war chiefs and other influential men and women with sufficient resources and authority to mobilize other factors of production54. For example, Kano potentates organized the production of leather work, the Ijebu chiefs adjust the production of textiles, the Ilaje chiefs organized fish production, Ikale chiefs also adjust the production of farm crops. Madam Tinubu of Egbaland and Efunsetan of Ibadan is also popular among women organized farms55 their slaves. Distributions of goods are also made by Nigerian entrepreneurs by arranging short and long distance markets bilaterally and multi-laterally sa inside and outside their region.

Although it can be argued that most of the economic institutions and principles found in industrial society their equivalence to the non-industrial society or simply as the pre-colonial Nigeria, it is still important to note that the factors of production and other elements structure of pre-colonial Nigerian economy such as agriculture and art is their peculiarities. Therefore, to make the work of economic historian and economist more meaningful to their audience, careful selection and application of relevant economic terms and principles are needed.

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Conclusion

Since the general characteristics and myriads of sub-sectoral part of the pre-colonial Nigerian economy, it is fantastic that the economy is rising on the growth and agree change before the colonization by Britain in the late 19th century. The study has shown that, pre-colonial Nigerian economy is a traditional African economic system where production depended mainly on families, the efforts of community and professional groups or Guilds. Should be known that traditional systems of economic, that can be defined as â € € œcommunalismâ practiced are intrinsically similar in different geographical regions independently of expression later known as Nigeria.

As a scientific analysis related to value-free nature of the inquiry, the positivist stand-point reinforces the claim, pre-colonial Nigerian economy is dynamic and market-oriented. It is the position of this economic philosophy, the main economic problem in any society, irrespective of place and point in history, is to provide a set of rules for competition and channeling conflict resolution individual can not satisfy all they want given the limit of poverty. It is argued by the rover Leroy example, the purpose of production in the age of the world remains the same and the human behaviors towards economic issues generally similar56.

All major economic policies are said to be embedded in a frame the formal societal institutions such as laws and customs. The specific function of each economic system in any society is, nurture the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services to create utility57. Pre-colonial Nigerian economy is not therefore, an exception to the universal rules and principles. Study is the light of these features showed that the pre-colonial Nigerian economy is dynamic, progressive and market-oriented.

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NOTES AND References

1.a               A detailed discussion and critique of formalist substantivist and views can be found in zeleza J. A Modern Economic History of Africa Vol. 1 (Senegal: CODESTRIA) 1993 Pp 15 ⠀ "16.

2.               See A. G Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa: London: Longman, 5 ⠀ "9.

3. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Roger Leroy Miller, Economics Today, New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1996, 122.

4.               Roger Leroy, Economics Today, P. 122.

5. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A David C. colander, Economics: Irwin Burr Ridge Sillinois Boston, Massachusetts Sydney, Australia in 1994, 60 ⠀ "62.

6.               G. T stride, C. Ifeka, People and Empires of West Africa, (Hong Kong: Thomas Nelson, 1971, 158.

7. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A S. W Wooldridge and W. G East, The Spirit and Purpose of Geography: London, Hutchinson & Co. Publishers, 1951, 23 ⠀ "24th.

8. A A A A A A A A A A A A A  See Ogunremi G. O â € œThe Structure of Pre-colonial Economyâ € 16.

9.               Ogunremi, â € œThe Structure of Pre-colonial Economyâ €     16.

10.          G. P Murdock, Africa, its People and Their Culture History: London, 1959, P 64.

11.          GO Ogunremi, P 15.

12. A A A A A A A A A GO Ogunremi, P 15.

13.          Ehinmore, OM â € œFishing in South-West Nigeria to the 19th Century: A Study of Ilaje Fishing Economyâ € AAU African Studies Review, Lagos, First Academic Publishers, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2002, 56.

14.          See G. T stride, C. Ifeka, People and Empires of West Africa, Hong Kong: Thomas Nelson, 1971, P 159.

15.          Ayodeji Olukoju: â € œFishing, migrations and Inter-group Relations Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Coast of West Africa) in the 19th and 20th Centuriesâ € Itinerario, Vol. XXV, European Journal of Overseas History of P 70.

16.          Ayodeji Olukoju, P 70.

17.          Conference held in Kalejaye Eniola, fishermen, about sa 85yrs, in Odonla, 20/5/2006.

18. A A A A A A A A A Ehinmore, Omorele M. ⠀ History of the OEA Fishing sa Ondo State, 1950 ⠀ "1997: A Case Study of Coastal Area⠀ Ilaje (M. A Thesis, University of Lagos, 1998), 19-24.

19.          View GO Ogunremi, â € œThe Structure of Pre-colonial Economyâ € 20.

20.          Interview held Odegbemi Ariyo, Hunter, 92yrs, in Erinje, 10/5/2006.

21.          Ariyo Odegbemi gave detailed amount of different types of animals and their special part in the preparation of traditional drugs before and even after the introduction of drugs based on usage.

22. A A A A A A A A A Interview held in Ariyo Odegbemi.

23. A A A A A A A A A GO Ogunremi, P 21.

24.          Bassey Andah W, Nigerians Native Technology, (Ibadan, Ibadan University Press, 1992), pp 1-4.

25.           See G. T stride, C. Ifeka, P 159.

26.          Interview held Mejebi to edema, in Warri, 16.6.2006, 94yrs, a businessman and old fishermen. Fact is reinforced by Ehinmore Ajao, a historian and a palace old musician, 10.6.2006, About 82yrs Interview on Mahin.

27.          A. E Afigbo, â € œEconomic foundations of Pre-colonial Igbo Societyâ € to I. A Akinjogbin and S. O Osoba (eds), subject to Nigerian Economic and Social Histor y (Ile-ife: University of IFE Press, 1980), P 15.

28.          GT stride, C. Ifeka, P 159.

29.          See the Interview held in Odegbemi Ariyo, 10/5/2006.

30.          Dennis Williams: â € œAn Outline History of the Tropical African Arta € Joseph C. Nene and Godfrey Brown (eds), in Africa the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, (Ibadan: University Press, 1966), pp 60-65.

31.          Nene and Godfrey Brown, P 60.

32.          Thurston Shaw, â € œThe Pre-history of West Africaâ € to J. E Ade Ajayi and Michael Crowder (eds), History of West Africa, (London: Longman 1971), P 69.

33.          See Dennis Williams, â € œAn outline history of tropical African Arta €, African sa nineteenth and twentieth century, P. 65.

34. A A A A A A A A A GO Ogunremi, P. 22.

35.          G. T stride, and C. Ifeka, P. 161.

36.          GT stride, and C. Ifeka P. 101.

37. A A A A A A A A A Richard and Jon Lander, Journal of the Expedition to Explore the Course and Termination of the Niger, (London: 1932), 197.

38. A A A A A A A A A G. T stride, and C. Ifeka, P. 159.

39.          NAI, Ilaje intelligence report, Ondo Province, by RJM Curwen, file No O. D 119, 1937, P 35.

40.          Interview held in Fibilia Majofodun, in Ereke, 12/6/206, about 80yrs, a businessman of fish and mat weaver.

41.          Dennis Williams, P 70.

42. A A A A A A A A A View Bassey, W. Andah for detailed explanations of the Nigerian Building Technology, pp 55-70.

43.          G. T stride, and C. Ifeka, P 160.

44.          Long steps and Ifeka, P 160.

45.          Long steps and Ifeka, P 160.

46.          Toyin Falola, â € œTrade Market and Pre-colonial Economyâ € to G. O Ogunremi and E. Faluyi K (eds), An Economic History of West Africa Since 1750, pp 61-71.

47.          IA Akinjogbin, â € œThe Economic foundations of the Oyo Empireâ € I. A Akinjogbin and S. O Osoba (eds),        topics in Nigerian Economic and Social History, IFE: University of IFE Press, 1980, pp 35-42.

48.          E. E Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer: A Description of modes of economic and Political Institutions a Nilotic People, Oxford, 1940, P 77.

49.          See detailed discussion on various other areas of specialization in OM Ehinmore fishing, â € œFishing southwest Nigeria in the 19th century: A study of Ilaje Fishing Economyâ € pp 58-62.

50.          Adam Smith, an Inquiry in Nature and causes of the wealth of Nations: London, 1901, Book 1, P. 29, mentioned in Mr. O Ogunremi and E. K Faluyi, An Economic History of West Africa Since 1750, P 34.

51.          GO Ogunremi, â € œTraditional factors of Production in Pre-colonial Economy in G. O Ogunremi and E. Faluyi K (eds), An Economic History of West Africa Since 1750, P 33.

52.          Bert F. Hoselitz, â € œThe Development of African Entrepreneursâ € E. F Jackson (ed), Economic Development of Africa, Oxford, 1965, P 86. Mentioned in a Economic History of West Africa since 1750.

53.          Hoselitz: â € œThe Development of African Entrepreneursâ € P. 87.

54.          G. Oh Ogunremi, â € œTraditional factor of Productionâ €      P. 39.

55.          GO Ogunremi, P. 40.

56.          Roger Leroy Miller, Economics Today, P. 122.

57. A A A A A     Roger Leroy Miller, P. 122.Â

About the Author

O. M EHINMORE

O. M Ehinmore is a Lecturer I in the Department of History and International Studies,

Adekunle Ajasin University,

Akungba-Akoko, P.M.B 001, Nigeria ,

West Africa

E-mail: ehinmore@yahoo.com

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